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Air Conditioning Applications
Air conditioning engineers broadly divide air conditioning applications into comfort
and process.
Comfort applications aim to provide an indoor environment that remains
relatively constant in a range preferred by humans despite changes in external weather conditions or in
internal heat loads.
The highest performance for tasks performed by people seated in an office is expected
to occur at 72°F (22.2 °C) Performance is expected to degrade about 1% for every
2 °F change in room temperature. The highest performance for tasks performed while standing
is expected to occur at slightly lower temperatures. The highest performance for
tasks performed by larger people is expected to occur at slightly lower temperatures.
The highest performance for tasks performed by smaller people is expected to occur
at slightly higher temperatures. Some dispute that thermal comfort enhances worker
productivity, as is described in the Hawthorne effect.
Comfort air conditioning makes deep plan
buildings feasible. Without air conditioning, buildings must be built narrower or
with light wells so that inner spaces receive sufficient outdoor air via natural ventilation. Air conditioning also allows
buildings to be taller since wind speed increases significantly with altitude making natural ventilation impractical
for very tall buildings. Comfort applications for various building types is quite
different and may be categorized as
- Low-Rise Residential buildings, including single family houses, duplexes,
and small apartment buildings
- High-Rise Residential buildings, such as tall dormitories and apartment blocks
- Commercial buildings, which are built for commerce, including offices, malls,
shopping centers, restaurants, etc.
- Institutional buildings, which includes hospitals, governmental, academic,
and so on.
- Industrial spaces where thermal comfort of workers is desired.
In addition to buildings, air conditioning can be used for comfort in a wide variety
of transportation including land vehicles, trains, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft.
Process applications aim to provide a suitable environment for a process
being carried out, regardless of internal heat loads and external weather conditions.
Although often in the comfort range, it is the needs of the process that determine
conditions, not human preference. Process applications include these:
- Hospital operating theatres,in which air is filtered to high levels to reduce infection risk and the humidity controlled to limit patient dehydration.
Although temperatures are often in the comfort range, some specialist procedures
such as open heart surgery require low temperatures (about 18 °C, 64 °F) and others such as
neonatal relatively high temperatures (about 28 °C, 82
°F).
- Cleanrooms for the production of
integrated circuits,
pharmaceuticals, and
the like, in which very high levels of air cleanliness and control of temperature
and humidity are required for the success of the process.
- Facilities for breeding laboratory animals. Since many animals normally only reproduce in spring, holding
them in rooms at which conditions mirror spring all year can cause them to reproduce
year round.
- Aircraft air conditioning. Although nominally aimed at providing comfort for passengers
and cooling of equipment, aircraft air conditioning presents a special process because
of the low air pressure outside the aircraft.
- Data processing centers
- Textile factories
- Physical testing facilities
- Plants and farm growing areas
- Nuclear facilities
- Mines
- Industrial environments
- Food cooking and processing areas
In both comfort and process applications the objective to not only control temperature,
but also humidity, air movement, and air quality.
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